Gibson The Ecological Approach To Visual Perception Pdf

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The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill. The verb to afford is found in the dictionary, the noun affordance is not. I have made it up. I mean by it something that refers to both the environment and the animal in a way that no existing term does. It implies the complementarity of the animal and the environment. Gibson 1. Though additional meanings have developed, the original definition in psychology includes all transactions that are possible between an individual and their environment. When the concept was applied to design, it started also referring to only those physical action possibilities of which one is aware. The word is used in a variety of fields perceptual psychology, cognitive psychology, environmental psychology, industrial design, humancomputer interaction HCI, interaction design, communication studies, instructional design, science, technology and society STS, and artificial intelligence. Original developmenteditPsychologist James J. Gibson developed the concept of affordance over many years, culminating in his final book The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception4 in 1. He defined an affordance as what the environment provides or furnishes the animal. Notably, Gibson compares an affordance with an ecological niche emphasizing the way niches characterize how an animal lives in its environment. An affordance is independent of an individuals ability to recognize it or even take advantage of it, and so, should not be confused with a privately perceived world or a phenomenology of perception. The key to understanding affordance is that it is relational and characterizes the suitability of the environment to the observer, and so, depends on their current intentions and their capabilities. For instance, a set of steps which rises four feet high does not afford climbing to the crawling infant, yet might provide rest to a tired adult or the opportunity to move to another floor for an adult who wished to reach an alternative destination. This notion of intentionneeds is critical to an understanding of affordance, as it explains how the same aspect of the environment can provide different affordances to different people, and even to the same individual at another point in time. As Gibson puts it, Needs control the perception of affordances selective attention and also initiate acts. Gibsons is the prevalent definition in cognitive psychology. According to Gibson, humans tend to alter and modify their environment so as to change its affordances to better suit them. On his view, humans change the environment to make it easier to live in even if making it harder for other animals to live in it to keep warm, to see at night, to rear children, and to move around. This tendency to change the environment is natural to humans, and Gibson argues that it is a mistake to treat the social world apart from the material world or the tools apart from the natural environment. He points out that manufacturing was originally done by hand as a kind of manipulation. Gibson argues that learning to perceive an affordance is an essential part of socialization. The theory of affordances introduces a value rich ecological object. Affordances cannot be described within the value neutral language of physics, but rather introduces notions of benefits and injuries to someone. An affordance captures this beneficialinjurious aspect of objects and relates them to the animal for whom they are wellill suited. During childhood development, a child learns to perceive not only the affordances for the self, but also how those same objects furnish similar affordances to another. A child can be introduced to the conventional meaning of an object by manipulating which objects command attention and demonstrating how to use the object through performing its central function. By learning how to use an artifact, a child enters into the shared practices of society as when they learn to use a toilet or brush their teeth. And so, by learning the affordances, or conventional meaning of an artifact, children learn the artifacts social world and further, become a member of that world. Affordances were further studied by Eleanor J. Gibson, wife of James J. Gibson, who created her theory of perceptual learning around this concept. Her book, An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Learning and Development, explores affordances further. Jakob von Uexkll had already discussed the concept in the early twentieth century,7 calling it the functional tinting funktionale Tnung of organisms with respect to stimuli. As perceived action possibilitieseditIn 1. Donald Norman appropriated the term affordances in the context of humanmachine interaction to refer to just those action possibilities that are readily perceivable by an actor. This new definition of action possibilities has now become synonymous with Gibsons work, although Gibson himself never made any reference to action possibilities in any of his writing. Through Normans book The Design of Everyday Things,1. HCI and interaction design. It makes the concept dependent not only on the physical capabilities of an actor, but also on their goals, beliefs, and past experiences. If an actor steps into a room containing an armchair and a softball, Gibsons original definition of affordances allows that the actor may throw the chair and sit on the ball, because this is objectively possible. Normans definition of perceived affordances captures the likelihood that the actor will sit on the armchair and throw the softball. Effectively, Normans affordances suggest how an object may be interacted with. For example, the size, shape and weight of a softball make it perfect for throwing by humans, and it matches their past experience with similar objects. The focus on perceived affordances is much more pertinent to practical design problemswhy, which may explain its widespread adoption. Norman later explained that this restriction of the terms meaning had been unintended, and that he would replace it by perceived affordance in any future revision of the book. However, the definition from his book has been widely adopted in HCI and interaction design, and both meanings are now commonly used in these fields. Following Normans adaptation of the concept, affordance has seen a further shift in meaning where it is used as an uncountable noun, referring to the easy discoverability of an object or systems action possibilities, as in this button has good affordance. This in turn has given rise to a use of the verb afford from which Gibsons original term was derived that is not consistent with its dictionary definition to provide or make available designers and those in the field of HCI often use afford as meaning to suggest or to invite. The different interpretations of affordances, although closely related, can be a source of confusion in writing and conversation if the intended meaning is not made explicit and if the word is not used consistently.