Research Methods And Design In Sport Management Pdf

Rethinking the Classroom Research. Therefore. The goal of classroom design is to enrich academic, psychological, and sociological growth. The design of such spaces should be intentionally serendipitous and avoid prescriptive and restrictive behaviors, for both teachers and students. The design of learning spaces should increase levels of engagement, foster active learning and teaching, and support the learning goals of higher education institutions. Challenge. If active and collaborative learning and teaching is more effective than lecture methods and individually based learning, why havent classroom environments changed to support them If instructor directed, competitive environments result in lower retention scores and higher attrition, why do students continue to sit in immovable deskssoldiers in a row, as one community college professor observedrather than organized in groups at tables or sitting in a circular arrangement Why havent classroom spaces evolved to support kinetic teaching and dynamic learningThe difficulty in answering these questions lies in the fact that institutions must align many different elements. They encompass researching learning and teaching methods and cultural and sociological trends, understanding the needs of teachers, students, and administrators, and determining how the shared goals of these constituencies can best be realized in the learning spaces throughout a campus. Successfully meeting the challenge of creating engaging and active learning environments requires collaborative vision, design, and implementation from a dedicated team that brings diverse talents and specialties to the work of achieving innovative solutions. Solution. One example of a comprehensive effort to create spaces that foster engaged and active learning and teaching occurred at EMCC. Situated in western metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, EMCC is a member of the Maricopa Community College District, the nations largest community college district. With a significant construction initiative nearing, leadership at EMCC engaged a number of instructors, students, and staff to help frame the needs that could be met in new and renovated facilities. Herman Miller and its local dealership, Goodmans Interior Structures, were brought in to complete the team that would be responsible for developing a holistic learning experience. The partnership brought together a breadth of experience and backgrounds. Research Methods And Design In Sport Management Pdf' title='Research Methods And Design In Sport Management Pdf' />The Design Value Index Study shows 10 year returns yielding 2. SP 500. The Design Management Institutes 2015 Design Value Index DVI. School of Education and Human Development at Florida International University. All had one thing in common a desire to move beyond conventional thinking about classroom design. As part of their initial work, they surveyed faculty members to learn more about the methods they use in the classroom. Faculty ranked creating a forum for open and free studentteacher dialogue as their most common teaching style. It was followed by providing instructional stimuli and facilitating discovery. To address these needs, the team used three principles to guide its thinking 1. An institution has the power to create spaces that promote students success and advance teaching and learning. Creating new spaces allows an institution to address the changing needs and expectations of students and faculty. Learning spaces cannot constrain or prescribe a certain style of teaching or learning. The primary challenge the team faced was to rethink classroom spaces, as these places would most immediately influence a desired change in learning and teaching methods. How could the design of a classroom support collaborative and active learning, engage students and faculty, offer means for interaction among students and faculty, and challenge and support students It became clear that the answer to these questions wouldnt come from incremental changes to the existing classroom model. Thinking in terms of learning studios became descriptive of not only the physical space attributes, but also the paradigm shift toward engaged learning and teaching. The team initially created two prototype learning studios. Designing and creating these first two spaces took about two months from planning to creation, yet the experiment gave EMCC what it needed to affirm the direction of moving from traditional classroom spaces to learning studios. Several months after the learning studios were in full use, Herman Miller surveyed the EMCC faculty and students who taught and learned in these spaces. Herman Miller was interested in comparing and contrasting traditional classrooms with learning studios. Research methods included focus groups with students and faculty, interviews with faculty, and interviews with administrators. An online quantitative survey of students and faculty was also conducted. Having experienced the learning studios, students and faculty had overwhelmingly positive responses. Faculty, in particular, expressed an appreciation for the learning studios as a paradigm that better served the possibilities of experiential, constructivist learning. Levels of interaction and engagement. The intentional flexibility of learning studios supports multiple teaching and learning styles. Without a prescriptive design, teachers are free to lecture or lead discussions or facilitate group or hands on learning. Mobile Intersect portfolio tables and Caper chairs make it easy for students and teachers to arrange the room to fit the purpose or preference. A circle of chairs for a full class discussion or six tables for small group projects can be easily configured within the same space to support varied learning and teaching styles. Intersect portfolio mobile display products can move to wherever they are needed. Larger whiteboards can quickly divide a single larger space into smaller group areas. Wireless access throughout the spaces frees students to move, along with laptops, to where they need or want to be. Replacing desktop computers with laptops has increased levels of engagement. Students interact frequently and are more open to share information, in large part because they are not tethered to or hidden behind a computer monitor. Because the studios foster direct and conversational relationships, they help avoid the passivity and isolation associated with traditional classrooms. Expectations of participation and accountability. The dynamic and adaptable nature of learning studios adds an element of surprise. The unexpected opportunities the mobility of the space creates also translate to a fresh outlook on what the class might become on any given day. Contrast this with the predictability and immobility of a traditional desks in row classroom. Faculty at EMCC responded favorably to the ways learning studios foster independence through group activity. Ample room to accommodate break out groups, flexibility to reconfigure the furniture and space, and the ability to display information were all cited in follow up research. Faculty also rated highly the ability of the space to teach students to take learning into their own hands. Teachers and students alike have a hand in shaping the learning environment. EMCCs Roger Yohe explores with faculty how they can nurture engagement and build accountability among students. We need to focus less on presentations and more on student learning. Thats active teaching. Our job is to show students how to apply the theory, not just to teach the theory. When we give our students the tools to learn, they understand they are accountable for using them. Learning studios also improved peer to peer support. Human factors and ergonomics Wikipedia. Practical demonstrations of ergonomic principles. Human factors and ergonomics commonly referred to as HF E, also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems,1 is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them. The field has seen some contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, biomechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment, devices and processes that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms human factors and ergonomics are essentially synonymous. The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics or human factors as follows 5Ergonomics or human factors is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design to optimize human well being and overall system performance. HF E is employed to fulfill the goals of occupational health and safety and productivity. It is relevant in the design of such things as safe furniture and easy to use interfaces to machines and equipment. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries and other musculoskeletal disorders, which can develop over time and can lead to long term disability. Human factors and ergonomics is concerned with the fit between the user, equipment and their environments. It takes account of the users capabilities and limitations in seeking to ensure that tasks, functions, information and the environment suit each user. To assess the fit between a person and the used technology, human factors specialists or ergonomists consider the job activity being done and the demands on the user the equipment used its size, shape, and how appropriate it is for the task, and the information used how it is presented, accessed, and changed. Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial design, information design, kinesiology, physiology, cognitive psychology, industrial and organizational psychology, and space psychology. EtymologyeditThe term ergonomics from the Greek, meaning work, and, meaning natural law first entered the modern lexicon when Polish scientist Wojciech Jastrzbowski used the word in his 1. Rys ergonomji czyli nauki o pracy, opartej na prawdach poczerpnitych z Nauki Przyrody The Outline of Ergonomics i. Science of Work, Based on the Truths Taken from the Natural Science. The introduction of the term to the English lexicon is widely attributed to British psychologist Hywel Murrell, at the 1. UKs Admiralty, which led to the foundation of The Ergonomics Society. He used it to encompass the studies in which he had been engaged during and after World War II. The expression human factors is a predominantly North American8 term which has been adopted to emphasise the application of the same methods to non work related situations. A human factor is a physical or cognitive property of an individual or social behavior specific to humans that may influence the functioning of technological systems. The terms human factors and ergonomics are essentially synonymous. Domains of specializationeditErgonomics comprise three main fields of research Physical, cognitive and organisational ergonomics. Street Fighter 4 Volt Android. There are many specializations within these broad categories. Specialisations in the field of physical ergonomics may include visual ergonomics. Specialisations within the field of cognitive ergonomics may include usability, humancomputer interaction, and user experience engineering. Some specialisations may cut across these domains Environmental ergonomics is concerned with human interaction with the environment as characterized by climate, temperature, pressure, vibration, light. The emerging field of human factors in highway safety uses human factor principles to understand the actions and capabilities of road users car and truck drivers, pedestrians, bicyclists, etc. Driver error is listed as a contributing factor in 4. United States, so a topic of particular interest is how road users gather and process information about the road and its environment, and how to assist them to make the appropriate decision. New terms are being generated all the time. For instance, user trial engineer may refer to a human factors professional who specialises in user trials. Although the names change, human factors professionals apply an understanding of human factors to the design of equipment, systems and working methods to improve comfort, health, safety, and productivity. According to the International Ergonomics Association, within the discipline of ergonomics there exist domains of specialization Physical ergonomicsedit. Physical ergonomics the science of designing user interaction with equipment and workplaces to fit the user. Physical ergonomics is concerned with human anatomy, and some of the anthropometric, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics as they relate to physical activity. Physical ergonomic principles have been widely used in the design of both consumer and industrial products. Physical ergonomics is important in the medical field, particularly to those diagnosed with physiological ailments or disorders such as arthritis both chronic and temporary or carpal tunnel syndrome. Pressure that is insignificant or imperceptible to those unaffected by these disorders may be very painful, or render a device unusable, for those who are. Many ergonomically designed products are also used or recommended to treat or prevent such disorders, and to treat pressure related chronic pain. One of the most prevalent types of work related injuries is musculoskeletal disorder. Work related musculoskeletal disorders WRMDs result in persistent pain, loss of functional capacity and work disability, but their initial diagnosis is difficult because they are mainly based on complaints of pain and other symptoms. Every year, 1. 8 million U. S. workers experience WRMDs and nearly 6. Certain jobs or work conditions cause a higher rate of worker complaints of undue strain, localized fatigue, discomfort, or pain that does not go away after overnight rest. These types of jobs are often those involving activities such as repetitive and forceful exertions frequent, heavy, or overhead lifts awkward work positions or use of vibrating equipment. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA has found substantial evidence that ergonomics programs can cut workers compensation costs, increase productivity and decrease employee turnover. Therefore, it is important to gather data to identify jobs or work conditions that are most problematic, using sources such as injury and illness logs, medical records, and job analyses.